The Two Most Dominant Language Families in Africa Are

Lecture № 1

Theme: Germanic Languages in the Indo-European family unit of languages.

Activity descriptions:

I. Speaking about Germanic Languages. Modern Germanic Languages and their origin.

Ii. Presentation of the three main types of Germanic Language.

3. Presentation of the linguistic terms and the lecture.

Questions for brainstorming:

one. What groups of languages do you know?

2. What Indo-European languages exercise y'all know?

3. What languages vest to Germanic Languages?

4. To what groups of languages English belong?

Lists of literature:

1. Расторгуева Т.А.История английского языка. М., 2003.
2. Смирницкий А.И. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка. - М.,1953.
3. Смирницкий А.И. Древнеанглийский язык, М., 1958 .
4. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. - М., 1976.
5. Ильиш Б.А. История английского языка,. -Л.,1973 .
6. Ayapova T.T. History of English ( электрон.версия) КазУМО иМЯ 2002 г.
7. Brigit Viney. The History of the English Linguistic communication. Oxford University Press., 2008

Subtheme 1. The Indo-European family of languages

The languages spoken in the world are so numerous that their exact number is inappreciably known. The scholars estimate this number every bit varying between 2,v and 5 thousand. Information technology is only natural that such a vast majority makes the problem of classification one of the showtime problems of the language science.

By at present linguisticshas worked out several classifications of world languages. Theyare classified by different approaches depending on the aims of the written report. When dealing with the history of a linguistic communication it is convenient to make utilize of the classification based on the origin of the languages. This classification is called genealogical. Information technology establishes the degree of relation between unlike languages and helps the students to understand their ancestry.

The genealogical nomenclature divides the languages into big classes which are called families. The families fall into branches, the branches may consist of several groups, and the groups divide into languages.

Most of the languages spoken in Europe belong to the Indo-European family. It means that all of them originated from one and the same parent language which is called Proto-Indo-European. It was spoken nearly 4500 - 5000 years agone by people who lived in a primitive tribal customs. With the course of fourth dimension the community of Proto-Indo-European people carve up into several tribes. In search of nutrient and better conditions for living these tribes migrated in different directions and lost ties with each other. As a outcome the parent linguistic communication offset split into several tribal dialects which later on adult into split languages. The process of migration kept on, the new languages divide into more dialects and these dialects gave rise to new languages.

Thus, by the time of the first written records the parent language of the Indo-European family had split into dozens of languages united in eleven branches.

These languages were spoken by people inhabiting vast areas which stretched from the European coast of the Atlantic upwards to the territories of modern India (hence the name of the family, Indo-European).

The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects. In that location are virtually 439 languages and dialects, according to the 2009 Ethnologue estimate, about half (221) belonging to the Indo-Aryan subbranch. It includes almost major current languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian Subcontinent, and was also predominant in ancient Anatolia. With written attestations appearing since the Bronze Age in the course of the Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek, the Indo-European family is significant to the field of historical linguistics equally possessing the 2nd-longest recorded history, after the Afro-Asiatic family.

Indo-European languages are spoken by almost iii billion native speakers, the largest number by far for any recognised language family. Of the 20 languages with the largest numbers of native speakers according to SIL Ethnologue, 12 are Indo- European: Spanish, English language,Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Punjabi, Marä thi, French, Urdu, and Italian, accounting for over ane.7 billion native speakers. Several disputed proposals link Indo-European to other major language families.

Subtheme two. The Germanic languages as a group of related languages that institute a co-operative of the Indo-European (IE) language family.

The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that found a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic, spoken in approximately the mid-1^st millennium BC in Fe Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, forth with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples settled in northern Europe along the borders of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century BC.

The historically attested Germanic languages provide evidence to justify the construct "Germanic" when we find in them common innovations non shared by other Indo-European languages. It is possible that the primal seed of the Germanic languages was gently sown when an unknown number of Indo-Europeans started articulating voiceless stops as fricatives (east.g., */t/ > */þ/); afterward on, hitherto voiced stops lost voicing (*/d/ > */t/); and some time thereafter, aspirated voiced stops came to exist realised as voiced fricatives, then later in well-nigh Germanic dialects as voiced stops (*/dh/ > */ð/ > */d/). This three-part "chain shift" is known famously equally Grimm'south Constabulary and marks amongst the first Germanic innovations -- preserved in all languages of the family, being essential and limited to them. Further sound changes paralleled innovations in intonation, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary, increasingly differentiating Proto-Germanic as a dialect of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). During this time, information technology seems likewise to have shared innovations with other, geographically proximate PIE dialects, while they however remained mutually intelligible.

Withal, at some signal Proto-Germanic had come up to assume the character of a new language. In their reconstructions of this unattested language, linguists attempt to arrest it at its about avant-garde age -- earlier any split into Germanic tongues -- as the last stage of Proto-Germanic. On the other mitt, assigning a linguistic "beginning" to Proto-Germanic is something of a moot signal, given its origin as a PIE dialect: where linguists draw the boundary betwixt dialect and language is often a matter of opinion.

Theories regarding the geographic location of Proto-Germanic will remain speculative as long equally conflicting evidence from history, linguistics, and archæology leaves conclusions in doubt. Virtually proposals locate the language community in northern continental Europe, where the majority of Germanic languages have been spoken throughout recorded history; more specific programmes assign the language variously to south Scandinavia, the north European evidently, and elsewhere.

Lecture № ane

Theme: Germanic Languages in the Indo-European family of languages.

Action descriptions:

I. Speaking about Germanic Languages. Modern Germanic Languages and their origin.

II. Presentation of the three main types of Germanic Linguistic communication.

Iii. Presentation of the linguistic terms and the lecture.

Questions for brainstorming:

1. What groups of languages do yous know?

ii. What Indo-European languages practice y'all know?

iii. What languages belong to Germanic Languages?

4. To what groups of languages English belong?

Lists of literature:

1. Расторгуева Т.А.История английского языка. М., 2003.
2. Смирницкий А.И. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка. - М.,1953.
3. Смирницкий А.И. Древнеанглийский язык, М., 1958 .
4. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. - М., 1976.
5. Ильиш Б.А. История английского языка,. -Л.,1973 .
6. Ayapova T.T. History of English language ( электрон.версия) КазУМО иМЯ 2002 г.
7. Brigit Viney. The History of the English Linguistic communication. Oxford Academy Press., 2008

Subtheme 1. The Indo-European family of languages

The languages spoken in the world are so numerous that their exact number is hardly known. The scholars estimate this number as varying between 2,5 and five thousand. It is only natural that such a vast majority makes the problem of nomenclature one of the first problems of the language scientific discipline.

By at present linguisticshas worked out several classifications of globe languages. Theyare classified by different approaches depending on the aims of the study. When dealing with the history of a language information technology is convenient to make use of the classification based on the origin of the languages. This classification is called genealogical. It establishes the degree of relation betwixt dissimilar languages and helps the students to sympathize their beginnings.

The genealogical nomenclature divides the languages into big classes which are called families. The families fall into branches, the branches may consist of several groups, and the groups split into languages.

Virtually of the languages spoken in Europe belong to the Indo-European family. It means that all of them originated from one and the same parent language which is chosen Proto-Indo-European. It was spoken about 4500 - 5000 years ago by people who lived in a primitive tribal community. With the form of time the customs of Proto-Indo-European people divide into several tribes. In search of food and better weather for living these tribes migrated in different directions and lost ties with each other. Every bit a consequence the parent language showtime split into several tribal dialects which later on on developed into separate languages. The procedure of migration kept on, the new languages split up into more dialects and these dialects gave rise to new languages.

Thus, by the time of the first written records the parent linguistic communication of the Indo-European family had carve up into dozens of languages united in xi branches.

These languages were spoken by people inhabiting vast areas which stretched from the European coast of the Atlantic up to the territories of modern India (hence the name of the family, Indo-European).

The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects. There are about 439 languages and dialects, according to the 2009 Ethnologue estimate, almost one-half (221) belonging to the Indo-Aryan subbranch. Information technology includes about major current languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian Subcontinent, and was likewise predominant in ancient Anatolia. With written attestations appearing since the Bronze Age in the class of the Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek, the Indo-European family is significant to the field of historical linguistics as possessing the 2nd-longest recorded history, after the Afro-Asiatic family unit.

Indo-European languages are spoken by almost iii billion native speakers, the largest number by far for whatever recognised language family unit. Of the 20 languages with the largest numbers of native speakers according to SIL Ethnologue, 12 are Indo- European: Spanish, English,Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Punjabi, Marathi, French, Urdu, and Italian, accounting for over 1.7 billion native speakers. Several disputed proposals link Indo-European to other major language families.

Subtheme 2. The Germanic languages as a grouping of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family.

The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common antecedent of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic, spoken in approximately the mid-1^st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features. Early on varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples settled in northern Europe along the borders of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century BC.

The historically attested Germanic languages provide bear witness to justify the construct "Germanic" when nosotros find in them common innovations not shared by other Indo-European languages. It is possible that the cardinal seed of the Germanic languages was gently sown when an unknown number of Indo-Europeans started articulating voiceless stops as fricatives (e.g., */t/ > */þ/); afterward, hitherto voiced stops lost voicing (*/d/ > */t/); and some time thereafter, aspirated voiced stops came to be realised equally voiced fricatives, then afterwards in virtually Germanic dialects as voiced stops (*/dh/ > */ð/ > */d/). This 3-part "chain shift" is known famously as Grimm's Constabulary and marks amidst the first Germanic innovations -- preserved in all languages of the family unit, beingness essential and limited to them. Further sound changes paralleled innovations in intonation, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary, increasingly differentiating Proto-Germanic as a dialect of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). During this time, information technology seems also to take shared innovations with other, geographically proximate PIE dialects, while they yet remained mutually intelligible.

Withal, at some betoken Proto-Germanic had come up to assume the character of a new language. In their reconstructions of this unattested linguistic communication, linguists effort to arrest it at its near advanced age -- before any split into Germanic tongues -- as the last stage of Proto-Germanic. On the other hand, assigning a linguistic "offset" to Proto-Germanic is something of a moot betoken, given its origin as a PIE dialect: where linguists draw the boundary between dialect and linguistic communication is oftentimes a matter of stance.

Theories regarding the geographic location of Proto-Germanic will remain speculative as long as alien evidence from history, linguistics, and archaeology leaves conclusions in uncertainty. Nigh proposals locate the language customs in northern continental Europe, where the majority of Germanic languages have been spoken throughout recorded history; more specific programmes assign the linguistic communication variously to s Scandinavia, the north European plain, and elsewhere.

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Source: https://studopedia.ru/5_167193_Subtheme--The-Indo-European-family-of-languages.html

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